The deployment of modern applications, like massive Internet of Things (IoT), poses a combination of challenges that service providers need to overcome: high availability of the offered services, low latency, and low energy consumption. To overcome these challenges, service providers have been placing computing infrastructure close to the end users, at the edge of the network. In this vein, single board computer (SBC) clusters have gained attention due to their low cost, low energy consumption, and easy programmability. A subset of IoT applications requires the deployment of battery-powered SBCs, or clusters thereof. More recently, the deployment of services on SBC clusters has been automated through the use of containers. The management of these containers is performed by orchestration platforms, like Kubernetes. However, orchestration platforms do not consider remaining energy levels for their placement decisions and therefore are not optimized for energy-constrained environments. In this study, we propose a scheduler that is optimised for energy-constrained SBC clusters and operates within Kubernetes. Through comparison with the available schedulers we achieved 23% fewer event rejections, 83% less deadline violations, and approximately a 59% reduction of the consumed energy throughout the cluster.
Keywords: IoT; fog computing; resilience; scheduling; single board computer; state of charge.