Efficient destruction of perfluoroalkyl compounds in contaminated waters remains a challenge because of highly stable C-F bonds. In this study, mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with high concentration (∼30 mg/L) was realized in a needle-plate pulsed discharge reactor integrated with a water jet (NPDW) to which microbubbles (MBs) with different carrier gases (air, N2, and Ar) were introduced to enhance interfacial reactions. MBs effectively enrich dispersed PFOA from a bulk solution to a liquid surface to allow enhancing contact with reactive species and also expanding the plasma discharge area and channels. The PFOA removal efficiency in air and Ar discharge reached 81.5 and 95.3% in 2 h, respectively, with a defluorination ratio of no less than 50%. Energy requirements (EE/O) ranged from 216.49 to 331.95 kWh/m3. Aside from fluoride, PFOA was degraded to a range of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids and, to a minor extent, at least 20 other fluorinated transformation products. PFOA degradation mechanisms were proposed, including decarboxylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation reduction, and defluorination reactions. Real water matrices (groundwater, tap water, wastewater effluent, and surface water) showed moderate impact on treatment outcomes, demonstrating the robustness of the treatment process. The study demonstrated an environmentally friendly nonthermal plasma technology for effective PFOA degradation.
Keywords: PFOA enrichment; PFOA removal; degradation mechanisms; interface reactions; microbubbles.