Frugivorous birds disperse seeds of Ligustrum lucidum, seed-feeding weevils, and parasitic wasps of weevils via endozoochory

Abstract

Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds is a famous plant-animal interaction. However, we demonstrated that frugivorous birds can disperse seeds of Ligustrum lucidum, and its seed parasite weevils and the parasitic wasps from the weevils in this study. The cryptic tetrad of Ligustrum-disperser-weevil-wasp may be an overlooked phenomenon in seed dispersal syndrome.