Source identification and health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled dusts from different population density areas of Ilorin, Nigeria

Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran; Maimuna Orire Abdulraheem; Hafsat Abolore Ameen; Emmanuel Toluwalope Odediran; Muhammad-Najeeb O Yusuf

doi:10.1007/s10661-021-09566-1

Source identification and health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled dusts from different population density areas of Ilorin, Nigeria

Environ Monit Assess. 2021 Nov 8;193(12):777. doi: 10.1007/s10661-021-09566-1.

Authors

Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran¹, Maimuna Orire Abdulraheem², Hafsat Abolore Ameen³, Emmanuel Toluwalope Odediran⁴, Muhammad-Najeeb O Yusuf⁴

Affiliations

¹ Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. adeniran.ja@unilorin.edu.ng.
² Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
³ Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
⁴ Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

PMID: 34748100
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09566-1

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted significant attention in recent times on account of their reasonably high environmental burden and extreme toxicity. Samples of indoor dusts were obtained daily over a period of 2 weeks from 10 residences located within low, medium, and high density residential areas of Ilorin City. The concentration levels, potential sources, and cancer health risks of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PAHs total concentrations varied from 3.95 ± 0.19 to 8.70 ± 0.43 μg/g with arithmetic mean of 6.09 ± 0.46 μg/g. Fluoranthene was the most dominant PAHs congener. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4-6 rings) were the most prevalent PAHs and were responsible for 79.29% of total PAHs in sampled residences. Chrysene (Chry) was the most abundant compound among the 7 carcinogenic PAHs (CPAHs). Moreover, diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) employed to apportion PAHs suggested that indoor dusts originated from indoor activities and infiltrating outdoor air pollutants. Diagnostic ratios revealed that PAHs are from mixed sources which include coal/wood combustion, non-traffic and traffic emissions, petroleum, petrogenic (gasoline), and petroleum combustion. Similarly, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model suggested five sources (factors) were responsible for PAHs in indoor dusts comprised of petroleum combustion and traffic emissions (60.05%), wood and biomass combustion emissions (20.84%), smoke from cooking, incense burning and tobacco (4.17%), gasoline combustion from non-traffic sources (13.89%), and emissions from coal burning and electronic devices (1.05%). The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risks (ILCR) of PAHs in adults and children estimated by applying benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) equivalent were within the satisfactory risk limits in Ilorin. Indoor PAHs emissions in Ilorin residences could be monitored and controlled by using data provided in this study.

Keywords: Cancer risk; Indoor dust; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Residential area; Source.

MeSH terms

Adult
Child
Dust / analysis
Environmental Monitoring
Humans
Nigeria
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons* / analysis
Population Density
Risk Assessment

Substances

Dust
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Grants and funding

N/A/TETFUND