Validation of the Spanish Version of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams Scale

Javier García-Campayo; Nieves Moyano; Marta Modrego-Alarcón; Paola Herrera-Mercadal; Marta Puebla-Guedea; Daniel Campos; Santiago Gascón

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742438

Validation of the Spanish Version of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams Scale

Front Psychol. 2021 Oct 21:12:742438. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742438. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Javier García-Campayo^{1

2

3

4}, Nieves Moyano⁵, Marta Modrego-Alarcón^{4

6}, Paola Herrera-Mercadal^{4

6}, Marta Puebla-Guedea^{4

7}, Daniel Campos^{4

6}, Santiago Gascón⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
² Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network, Madrid, Spain.
³ Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
⁴ Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
⁵ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
⁶ Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.
⁷ Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social and Labor Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
⁸ Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain.

Abstract

Lucid dreaming, a specific phenomenon of dream consciousness, refers to the experience being aware that one is dreaming. The primary aim of this research was to validate a Spanish version of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams scale (LuCiD). A secondary aim was to explore whether meditation experience and mindfulness trait were related to LuCiD scores. Data from 367 Spanish men (34.6%) and women (65.4%) who completed LuCiD, the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were examined. From the total sample, 40.3% indicated some experience with formal meditation (meditators), while 59.7% did not have any meditation experience (non-meditators). A random subsample of 101 participants, who completed LuCiD for a second time after a period of 10-15days, was used for test-retest reliability analysis. The LuCiD scale comprises 28 items distributed across eight factors: insight, control, thought, realism, memory, dissociation, negative emotion, and positive emotion. Factor structure, reliability by both internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and construct and concurrent validity were tested. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the original eight-factor model, showing goodness of fit in contrast to a single-factor model. Item 15 was deleted from the Dissociation factor as it performed poorly (i.e., skewness and kurtosis, non-normal distribution of responses, and corrected item-total correlation under 0.40). The scale showed adequate values of internal consistency (between α=0.65 for Memory and α=0.83 for Positive Emotion) and test-retest reliability by significant Pearson correlations (p<0.001) for each factor. The scores of meditators were higher for the LuCiD scale Insight and Dissociation factors, in contrast to those of non-meditators. The Observing facet of mindfulness was positively associated with all LuCiD factors, except Realism and Positive Emotion, and the Acting with Awareness facet showed a negative correlation with the LuCiD factor Realism. Finally, positive and negative affects was associated with the LuCiD factors Positive Emotion and Negative Emotion. This study provides a valid and reliable measure for exploring lucidity and consciousness in dreams for a Spanish population, Moreover, the results suggest a relationship with meditation experience, mindfulness trait, and positive and negative affect.

Keywords: consciousness; dreams; emotion; insight; lucidity; meditation; mindfulness.