Synthetic Fe-rich nontronite as a novel activator of bisulfite for the efficient removal of tetracycline

Abstract

In this work, the iron-containing smectite nontronite (NNT) was artificially prepared by hydrothermal process and used as a heterogeneous catalyst to activate bisulfite (BS) for degradation of tetracycline (TC). Two NNT samples with different iron content (NNT1 and NNT2) were characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS and SEM-EDS analysis. Under dark condition, the TC removal rates of NNT1/BS and NNT2/BS reached about 91.7% and 95.5% respectively at 60 min. Due to the heterogeneous catalysis of structural Fe(III), the NNT catalysts showed great catalytic activity and low iron leaching at the pH range 3.0-7.5. In addition, NNT particles were also stable and reusable in activating BS for TC removal. According to the EPR and radical quenching experiments, it could be proved that the precursor radical ^•SO₃- was first generated in NNT/BS system, then ^•SO₄- and ^•OH were the active species that played a role in TC degradation. The synthetic NNT clay is a promising Fe-based catalyst for treatment of TC wastewater thanks to its high activity, good stability and effective reusability.

Keywords: Bisulfite; Fenton-like process; Heterogeneous catalyst; Nontronite clay; Tetracycline.