Development of a gene doping detection method to detect overexpressed human follistatin using an adenovirus vector in mice

Koki Yanazawa; Takehito Sugasawa; Kai Aoki; Takuro Nakano; Yasushi Kawakami; Kazuhiro Takekoshi

doi:10.7717/peerj.12285

Development of a gene doping detection method to detect overexpressed human follistatin using an adenovirus vector in mice

PeerJ. 2021 Oct 20:9:e12285. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12285. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Koki Yanazawa¹, Takehito Sugasawa², Kai Aoki², Takuro Nakano¹, Yasushi Kawakami², Kazuhiro Takekoshi²

Affiliations

¹ Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
² Laboratory of Clinical Examination/Sports Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicines, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.

Abstract

Background: Gene doping is the misuse of genome editing and gene therapy technologies for the purpose of manipulating specific genes or gene functions in order to improve athletic performance. However, a non-invasive detection method for gene doping using recombinant adenoviral (rAdV) vectors containing human follistatin (hFST) genes (rAdV<hFST>) has not yet been developed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a method to detect gene doping using rAdV<hFST>.

Methods: First, we generated rAdV<hFST> and evaluated the overexpression of the hFST gene, FST protein, and muscle protein synthesis signaling using cell lines. Next, rAdV<hFST> was injected intravenously or intramuscularly into mice, and whole blood was collected, and hFST and cytomegalovirus promoter (CMVp) gene fragments were detected using TaqMan-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Finally, to confirm the specificity of the primers and the TaqMan probes, samples from each experiment were pooled, amplified using TaqMan-qPCR, and sequenced using the Sanger sequencing.

Results: The expression of hFST and FST proteins and muscle protein synthesis signaling significantly increased in C2C12 cells. In long-term, transgene fragments could be detected until 4 days after intravenous injection and 3 days after intramuscular injection. Finally, the Sanger sequencing confirmed that the primers and TaqMan probe specifically amplified the gene sequence of interest.

Conclusions: These results indicate the possibility of detecting gene doping using rAdV<hFST> using TaqMan-qPCR in blood samples. This study may contribute to the development of detection methods for gene doping using rAdV<hFST>.

Keywords: Adenovirus vector; Follistatin; Gene doping.

Grants and funding

This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research KAKENHI from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan (No. 20H04062) and a grant from the promotional business of doping prevention activities, Japan Sports Agency (JSA). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.