In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), accumulation of abnormal proteins with malformed higher-order structures activates signaling pathways (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) pathway, protein kinase RNA-activated-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP) pathway and activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) pathway) that result in a cellular response suppressing the production of abnormal proteins or inducing apoptosis. These responses are collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Recently, it has been suggested that the UPR induced by saturated fatty acids in hepatocytes and pancreatic β cells is involved in the development of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The effect of palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, on the UPR has also been investigated in adipocytes, which are associated with the development of metabolic disorders, but the results were inconclusive. Therefore, as the major saturated fatty acids present in the daily diet are palmitate and stearate, we examined the effects of these saturated fatty acids on UPR in adipocytes. Here, we show that saturated fatty acids caused limited activation of the UPR in adipocytes. Exposure to stearate for several hours elevated the ratio of spliced XBP-1 mRNA, and this effect was stronger than that of palmitate. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of IRE1α, upstream of XBP-1 and expression levels of its downstream targets such as DNAJB9 and Pdia6 were elevated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to stearate. On the other hand, stearate did not affect the phosphorylation of PERK, its activation of CHOP, or the cleavage of ATF6α. Thus, in adipocytes, exposure to stearate activates the UPR via the IRE1α/XBP-1 pathway, but not the PERK/CHOP and ATF6α pathway.
Keywords: adipocyte; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) pathway; stearate; unfolded protein response.