Addressing nutrient shortfalls in 1- to 5-year-old Irish children using diet modeling: development of a protocol for use in country-specific population health

Abstract

Background: Dietary habits formed in early childhood can track into later life with important impacts on health. Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) may have a role in improving population health but are lacking for young children.

Objectives: We aimed to establish a protocol for addressing nutrient shortfalls in 1- to 5-y-old children (12-60 mo) using diet modeling in a population-based sample.

Methods: Secondary analysis of 2010-2011 Irish National Pre-School Nutrition Survey data (n = 500) was conducted to identify typical food consumption patterns in 1- to 5-y-olds. Nutrient intakes were assessed against dietary reference values [European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and Institute of Medicine (IOM)]. To address nutrient shortfalls using diet modeling, 4-d food patterns were developed to assess different milk-feeding scenarios (human milk, whole or low-fat cow milk, and fortified milks) within energy requirement ranges aligned with the WHO growth standards. FBDGs to address nutrient shortfalls were established based on 120 food patterns.

Results: Current mean dietary intakes for the majority of 1- to 5-y-olds failed to meet reference values (EFSA) for vitamin D (≤100%), vitamin E (≤88%), DHA (22:6n-3) + EPA (20:5n-3) (IOM; ≤82%), and fiber (≤63%), whereas free sugars intakes exceeded recommendations of <10% energy (E) for 48% of 1- to 3-y-olds and 75% of 4- to 5-y-olds. "Human milk + Cow milk" was the only milk-feeding scenario modeled that predicted sufficient DHA + EPA among 1- to 3-y-olds. Vitamin D shortfalls were not correctable in any milk-feeding scenario, even with supplementation (5 µg/d), apart from the "Follow-up Formula + Fortified drink" scenario in 1- to 3-y-olds (albeit free sugars intakes were estimated at 12%E compared with ≤5%E as provided by other scenarios). Iron and vitamin E shortfalls were most prevalent in scenarios for 1- to 3-y-olds at ≤25th growth percentile.

Conclusions: Using WHO growth standards and international reference values, this study provides a protocol for addressing nutrient shortfalls among 1- to 5-y-olds, which could be applied in country-specific population health.

Keywords: WHO growth standards; diet modeling; food patterns; food-based dietary guidelines; nutrient shortfalls; young children.