Association between prehospital field to emergency department delta shock index and in-hospital mortality in patients with torso and extremity trauma: A multinational, observational study

PLoS One. 2021 Oct 25;16(10):e0258811. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258811. eCollection 2021.

Abstract

Hemorrhage, a main cause of mortality in patients with trauma, affects vital signs such as blood pressure and heart rate. Shock index (SI), calculated as heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure, is widely used to estimate the shock status of patients with hemorrhage. The difference in SI between the emergency department and prehospital field can indirectly reflect urgency after trauma. We aimed to determine the association between delta SI (DSI) and in-hospital mortality in patients with torso or extremity trauma. Patients with DSI >0.1 are expected to be associated with high mortality. This retrospective, observational study used data from the Pan-Asian Trauma Outcomes Study. Patients aged 18-85 years with abdomen, chest, upper extremity, lower extremity, or external injury location were included. Patients from China, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam; those who were transferred from another facility; those who were transferred without the use of emergency medical service; those with prehospital cardiac arrest; those with unknown exposure and outcomes were excluded. The exposure and primary outcome were DSI and in-hospital mortality, respectively. The secondary and tertiary outcome was intensive care unit (ICU) admission and massive transfusion, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association between DSI and outcome. In total, 21,534 patients were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 3,033 patients with DSI >0.1. The in-hospital mortality rate in the DSI >0.1 and ≤0.1 groups was 2.0% and 0.8%, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the DSI ≤0.1 group was considered the reference group. The unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of in-hospital mortality in the DSI >0.1 group were 2.54 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.88-3.42) and 2.82 (95% CI 2.08-3.84), respectively. The urgency of traumatic hemorrhage can be determined using DSI, which can help hospital staff to provide proper trauma management, such as early trauma surgery or embolization.

Publication types

  • Observational Study

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • China
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Emergency Service, Hospital / statistics & numerical data*
  • Extremities / pathology*
  • Female
  • Follow-Up Studies
  • Heart Rate
  • Hospital Mortality / trends*
  • Humans
  • Injury Severity Score
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Musculoskeletal Diseases / complications*
  • Prognosis
  • ROC Curve
  • Registries
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Shock / etiology
  • Shock / mortality*
  • Shock / pathology
  • Survival Rate
  • Torso / pathology*
  • Wounds and Injuries / complications*
  • Young Adult

Grants and funding

The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.