Predictors of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients in Southern California - Retrospective Multicenter Study

Chukwuemeka Umeh; Stella Maguwudze; Adrian Torbela; Shipra Saigal; Harpreet Kaur; Shadi Kazourra; Mahendra Aseri; Rakesh Gupta; Sumanta Chaudhuri; Rahul Gupta

doi:10.7759/cureus.18137

Predictors of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients in Southern California - Retrospective Multicenter Study

Cureus. 2021 Sep 20;13(9):e18137. doi: 10.7759/cureus.18137. eCollection 2021 Sep.

Affiliations

¹ Internal Medicine, Hemet Global Medical Center, Hemet, USA.
² Data Engineering & Business Intelligence, Hemet Global Medical Center, Hemet, USA.
³ Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hemet Global Medical Center, Hemet, USA.

Abstract

Introduction The majority of patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recover from the illness after suffering mild to moderate symptoms, while approximately 20% progress to severe or critical disease, which may result in death. Understanding the predictors of severe disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients will help to risk stratify patients and improve clinical decision making. US data to inform this understanding are, however, scarce. We studied predictors of COVID-19 mortality in a cohort of 1,116 hospitalized patients in Southern California in the United States. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients admitted at two hospitals in Southern California United States between March 2020 and March 2021. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of the relationship between mortality and other variables such as demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory values were performed, with a p-value of 0.05 considered as significant. Results The analysis involved 1,116 COVID-19 patients, of which 51.5% were males and 48.5% were females. Of the 1,116 patients, 81.6% were whites, 7.2% were blacks, and 11.2% were other races. After adjusting for co-variables, age (p<0.001), admission to intensive care unit (p< 0.001), use of remdesivir (p=0.018), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (p<0.001), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (p=0.039) were independently associated with mortality in our study. Gender, race, body mass index, presence of co-morbidities such as diabetes and hypertension, and use of steroid, statin, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers were not associated with mortality in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion In the cohort we studied, admission to intensive care unit was associated with decreased mortality while older age, use of remdesivir, and high levels of CRP and LDH were associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.

Keywords: california; covid-19; creatine phosphokinase (cpk); intensive care unit (icu); lactate dehydrogenase (ldh); mortality; remdesivir.