Abstract
Numerous studies over the last several years have shown that d-amino acids, especially d-serine, have been related to brain and neurological disorders. Acknowledged neurological functions of d-amino acids include neurotransmission and learning and memory functions through modulating N-methyl-d-aspartate type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Aberrant d-amino acids level and polymorphisms of genes related to d-amino acids metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative brain conditions. This review summarizes the roles of d-amino acids and pLG72, also known as d-amino acid oxidase activator, on two neurodegenerative disorders, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The scope includes the changes in d-amino acids levels, gene polymorphisms of G72 genomics, and the role of pLG72 on NMDARs and mitochondria in schizophrenia and AD. The clinical diagnostic value of d-amino acids and pLG72 and the therapeutic importance are also reviewed.
Keywords:
Alzheimer’s disease; d-amino acids; pLG72; schizophrenia.
MeSH terms
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Alzheimer Disease / diagnosis
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Alzheimer Disease / genetics
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Alzheimer Disease / metabolism*
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Amino Acids / metabolism*
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Brain / metabolism
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Early Diagnosis
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Humans
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / genetics*
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / metabolism
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Mitochondria / metabolism
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Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / metabolism
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Schizophrenia / diagnosis
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Schizophrenia / genetics
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Schizophrenia / metabolism*
Substances
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Amino Acids
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DAOA protein, human
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Grants and funding
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NHRI-EX109-10731NI/National Health Research Institutes
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NHRI-EX110- 10816NC/National Health Research Institutes
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MOST 108-2410-H-039-009-MY2/Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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109-2628-B-182A-002/Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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109-2314-B-039-039-MY3/Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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109-2314-B-039 -001/Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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110-2314-B-182A-048/Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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110-2622-B039-001/Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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CMRPG8G1391/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
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CMRPG8K1162/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
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CMRPG8K1461/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
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CMU107-S-25/China Medical University, Taiwan