Blood Loss and Transfusion in a Pediatric Scoliosis Surgery Cohort in the Antifibrinolytic Era

Abstract

Children and adolescents undergoing posterior spinal fusion for scoliosis experience high rates of bleeding and blood product transfusion. Antifibrinolytic therapy is one key strategy to decrease blood loss and transfusion in pediatric scoliosis surgery. Here we review 172 pediatric scoliosis patients (birth to 21 y) who underwent posterior spinal fusion at our institution from 2017 to 2018. We reported rates of blood loss and transfusion, compared patients receiving tranexamic acid to a ε-aminocaproic acid, and evaluated antifibrinolytic agent and laboratory parameters as predictors of blood loss and transfusion. Intraoperatively, 62% received tranexamic acid and 38% received ε-aminocaproic acid. Overall, blood loss (mean intraoperative estimated blood loss=14.9±9.7 mL/kg, 22% with clinically significant blood loss [>20 mL/kg], and mean calculated hemoglobin mass loss=175.9±70.1 g) and transfusion rates (15% with intraoperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion and mean intraoperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion volume=12.5±7.1 mL/kg) were similar to previous cohorts studying intraoperative antifibrinolytics. There was no difference in intraoperative estimated blood loss, clinically significant blood loss, calculated hemoglobin mass loss, or transfusion rates between the antifibrinolytic groups. Antifibrinolytic choice was not predictive of blood loss or transfusion. Routine hematologic laboratory parameters and antifibrinolytic choice were insufficient to predict blood loss or other outcomes. Future prospective laboratory-based studies may provide a more comprehensive model of surgical-induced coagulopathy in scoliosis surgery and provide a better tool for predicting blood loss and improving outcomes.