INTRODUCTION: Military aeromedical evaluations are common, but specialized neuropsychological norms for aviation personnel are sparse, resulting in a need to rely on norms from the general population. Little has been published regarding aviation subpopulations and how their neuropsychological profiles may differ from general population normative data. This study investigated neuropsychological test results of aeromedical service members to evaluate consistency with general population norms, and to delineate differences between aviation subpopulations.METHODS: Analyses were conducted on demographic variables and test scores of military aviators (N 26) and nonaviator crewmembers (N 36) referred for evaluation due to a clinical problem requiring a waiver for flight status. Performance differences between subsamples were investigated with general linear modeling. Base rates for low scores were described.RESULTS: Mean test scores in both subsamples were 0 to 1 standard deviation (SD) above the general populations means, with the largest discrepancies being found on measures of visuospatial ability (crewmembers) and verbal learning (aviators). Modeling revealed a significant difference between aviators and crewmembers on Trail Making Test Part B, after accounting for education. Aviators produced fewer low scores than crewmembers, even when using education adjusted normative data.DISCUSSION: Results suggest the cognitive profile of aviators is uniquely strong in specific domains, with fewer low scores. The development of aviator-specific norms may enhance sensitivity to cognitive decrements in this population. Future studies might separately assess crewmember roles to further assess cognitive performance standards across specialties.Maltez-Laurienti A, Minniear A, Moore R, McGovern T, Newman P, Brearly T. Exploring neurocognitive performance differences in military aviation personnel. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(9):702709.