Role of multiple factors likely contributing to severity-mortality of COVID-19

Jasdeep Singh; Anwar Alam; Jasmine Samal; Markus Maeurer; Nasreen Z Ehtesham; Jeremiah Chakaya; Subhash Hira; Seyed E Hasnain

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105101

Role of multiple factors likely contributing to severity-mortality of COVID-19

Infect Genet Evol. 2021 Dec:96:105101. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105101. Epub 2021 Oct 5.

Authors

Jasdeep Singh¹, Anwar Alam², Jasmine Samal², Markus Maeurer³, Nasreen Z Ehtesham², Jeremiah Chakaya⁴, Subhash Hira⁵, Seyed E Hasnain⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India.
² ICMR National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.
³ ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
⁴ Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK; Department of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: chakaya.jm@gmail.com.
⁵ Department of Global Health, University of Washington-Seattle, USA. Electronic address: Hiras2@uw.edu.
⁶ Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India; Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. Electronic address: seyed.hasnain@sharda.ac.in.

Abstract

COVID-19 stalled the world in 2020 and continues to be the greatest health crisis of this generation. While the apparent case fatality rates across fluctuates around ~2% globally, associated mortality/death rate (deaths per million population) varies distinctly across regions from the global average of ~600 per million population. Heterogeneous factors have been linked with COVID-19 associated mortalities and these include age, share of geriatric population, comorbidities, trained immunity and climatic conditions. Apart from direct or indirect role of endemic diseases, dietary factors and host immunity in regulating COVID-19 severity, human behaviour will inevitably control outcome of this pandemic. Comprehensive understanding of these factors will have a bearing on management of future health crises.

Keywords: ACE2; COVID-19; Diabetes; Human behaviour; Immuno-nutrition; SARS-CoV-2; Trained immunity.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review

MeSH terms

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 / genetics
COVID-19 / etiology*
COVID-19 / immunology
COVID-19 / mortality*
COVID-19 / psychology
Comorbidity
Diabetes Mellitus / epidemiology
Diet
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Polymorphism, Genetic
Vaccines / immunology

Substances

Vaccines
ACE2 protein, human
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2