Molecular mechanism of proton-coupled ligand translocation by the bacterial efflux pump EmrE

PLoS Comput Biol. 2021 Oct 6;17(10):e1009454. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009454. eCollection 2021 Oct.

Abstract

The current surge in bacterial multi-drug resistance (MDR) is one of the largest challenges to public health, threatening to render ineffective many therapies we rely on for treatment of serious infections. Understanding different factors that contribute to MDR is hence crucial from the global "one health" perspective. In this contribution, we focus on the prototypical broad-selectivity proton-coupled antiporter EmrE, one of the smallest known ligand transporters that confers resistance to aromatic cations in a number of clinically relevant species. As an asymmetric homodimer undergoing an "alternating access" protomer-swap conformational change, it serves as a model for the mechanistic understanding of more complex drug transporters. Here, we present a free energy and solvent accessibility analysis that indicates the presence of two complementary ligand translocation pathways that remain operative in a broad range of conditions. Our simulations show a previously undescribed desolvated apo state and anticorrelated accessibility in the ligand-bound state, explaining on a structural level why EmrE does not disrupt the pH gradient through futile proton transfer. By comparing the behavior of a number of model charged and/or aromatic ligands, we also explain the origin of selectivity of EmrE towards a broad class of aromatic cations. Finally, we explore unbiased pathways of ligand entry and exit to identify correlated structural changes implicated in ligand binding and release, as well as characterize key intermediates of occupancy changes.

MeSH terms

  • Antiporters* / chemistry
  • Antiporters* / genetics
  • Antiporters* / metabolism
  • Computational Biology
  • Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
  • Escherichia coli Proteins* / chemistry
  • Escherichia coli Proteins* / genetics
  • Escherichia coli Proteins* / metabolism
  • Ion Transport / physiology*
  • Ligands
  • Molecular Dynamics Simulation
  • Protons
  • Thermodynamics

Substances

  • Antiporters
  • Escherichia coli Proteins
  • Ligands
  • Protons
  • EmrE protein, E coli

Grants and funding

The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.