Highly conductive and stable Co9S8 thin films by atomic layer deposition: from process development and film characterization to selective and epitaxial growth

Dalton Trans. 2021 Oct 5;50(38):13264-13275. doi: 10.1039/d1dt02315b.

Abstract

Co9S8 is an interesting sulfide material with metallic conductivity that has shown promise for various energy applications. Herein, we report a new atomic layer deposition process producing crystalline, pure, and highly conductive Co9S8 thin films using CoCl2(TMEDA) (TMEDA = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) and H2S as precursors at 180-300 °C. The lowest resistivity of 80 μΩ cm, best uniformity, and highest growth rate are achieved at 275 °C. Area-selective deposition is enabled by inherent substrate-dependency of film nucleation. We show that a continuous and conductive Co9S8 film can be prepared on oxide-covered silicon without any growth on Si-H. Besides silicon, Co9S8 films can be grown on a variety of substrates. The first example of an epitaxial Co9S8 film is shown using a GaN substrate. The Co9S8 films are stable up to 750 °C in N2, 400 °C in forming gas, and 225 °C in O2 atmosphere. The reported ALD process offers a scalable and cost-effective route to high-quality Co9S8 films, which are of interest for applications ranging from electrocatalysis and rechargeable batteries to metal barrier and liner layers in microelectronics and beyond.