Self-Transcendent Emotions and Their Social Effects: Awe, Elevation and Kama Muta Promote a Human Identification and Motivations to Help Others

José J Pizarro; Nekane Basabe; Itziar Fernández; Pilar Carrera; Pedro Apodaca; Carlos I Man Ging; Olaia Cusi; Darío Páez

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709859

Self-Transcendent Emotions and Their Social Effects: Awe, Elevation and Kama Muta Promote a Human Identification and Motivations to Help Others

Front Psychol. 2021 Sep 13:12:709859. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709859. eCollection 2021.

Authors

José J Pizarro¹, Nekane Basabe¹, Itziar Fernández², Pilar Carrera³, Pedro Apodaca⁴, Carlos I Man Ging⁵, Olaia Cusi¹, Darío Páez¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain.
² Department of Social Psychology and Organizations, The National Distance Education University, Madrid, Spain.
³ Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
⁴ Department of Research and Diagnostic Methods, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain.
⁵ Faculty of Philosophical-Theological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.

Abstract

Abundant literature shows the effects of negative emotions on motivations to engage in collective action (i.e., to collectively mobilize personal resources to achieve a common objective), as well as their influence on the creation of shared identities. In this proposal, we focus on the possible role of Self-Transcendent Emotions (STEs) defined as positive-valence emotions that have been key in the creation and maintenance of collective identities, as well as in promoting individuals well-being. In detail, we examine their influence in (a) strengthening a global identification, (b) increasing willingness to collectively help others, and (c) improving people's wellbeing. For this reason, we conducted a preliminary literature review of k = 65 independent studies on the effects of STEs on connection to others. Through this review (fully available in Supplementary Materials), we selected a sample of STEs (Awe, Elevation, and Kama Muta) and elicitors to conduct a video-base study. In it, 1,064 university students from 3 different cultural regions (from Spain and Ecuador) were randomized to answer one of three STE scales (i.e., each measuring one of the selected STEs), and evaluate three videos in random order (i.e., each prototypical for the selected STEs). Participants also answered a measure of global identification and intentions to collectively help others (after each video), as well as self-transcendent and well-being (at the end of the survey). Results from SEM analyses show these STEs motivated a fusion of identity with all humanity, as well as collective intentions to help others, even controlling for individuals' value orientations. In addition, the three of them indirectly increased participants' well-being through a higher global identity. While there are differences among them, these three STEs share common elements and their effects are constant across the different cultural regions. It is concluded that Awe, Elevation, and Kama Muta, even individually experienced, have a significant potential to influence people's behavior. Specifically, in various forms of collective action aimed at helping others.

Keywords: Kama Muta; awe; collective action; elevation; human identification; self-transcendent emotions.