Cryptococcus neoformans Δ sgl1 Vaccination Requires Either CD4+ or CD8+ T Cells for Complete Host Protection

Abstract

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen causing life-threatening meningoencephalitis in susceptible individuals. Fungal vaccine development has been hampered by the fact that cryptococcosis occurs during immunodeficiency. We previously reported that a C. neoformans mutant (Δsgl1) accumulating sterylglucosides (SGs) is avirulent and provides complete protection to WT challenge, even under CD4⁺ T cell depletion, an immunodeficient condition commonly associated with cryptococcosis. We found high levels of SGs in the lungs post-immunization with Δsgl1 that decreased upon fungal clearance. Th1 cytokines increased whereas Th2 cytokines concurrently decreased, coinciding with a large recruitment of leukocytes to the lungs. Depletion of B or CD8⁺ T cells did not affect either Δsgl1 clearance or protection from WT challenge. Although CD4⁺ T cell depletion affected clearance, mice were still protected indicating that clearance of the mutant was not necessary for host protection. Protection was lost only when both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were depleted, highlighting a previously unexplored role of fungal-derived SGs as an immunoadjuvant for host protection against cryptococcosis.

Keywords: Cryptococcus neoformans; T cells; cryptococcosis; host immune response; immunoadjuvant; immunodeficiency; sterylglucosides; vaccination.