Objective: To develop a more thorough understanding of the risk factors for loneliness in persons with a physical impairment, using a population-based sample of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), based on regression modeling and a recursive partitioning approach.
Design: Cross-sectional, observational cohort.
Setting: Community, Switzerland.
Participants: Community-dwelling persons with spinal cord injury (N=1283) 16 years or older.
Interventions: Not applicable.
Main outcome measures: Loneliness was assessed using a modified version of the UCLA Three-Item Loneliness Scale.
Results: Those with the most disadvantaged socioeconomic characteristics in terms of education, income, subjective social position, employment status, and financial hardship demonstrated the highest risk for loneliness. Of the sociodemographic characteristics, only age had an association with loneliness, whereby persons aged 31-45 had the highest propensity for experiencing loneliness. We also saw that those with higher lesion levels and less functional independence were associated with higher levels of loneliness. In conditional inference tree analysis subjective social position, financial hardship, and functional independence had the highest discriminative power, with nationality and living arrangement having a less important role.
Conclusions: Our findings highlight the vulnerability of persons with SCI with unfavorable socioeconomic status to loneliness. Furthermore, our findings show that persons who are more constrained because of functional limitations may face restrictions to social participation and therefore be at a higher risk of loneliness. This population-based evidence contributes to the better targeting of services aimed at alleviating loneliness for persons with a lower socioeconomic position and those with more functional limitations in everyday life.
Keywords: Loneliness; Rehabilitation; Socioeconomic factors; Spinal cord injuries.
Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.