Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-essential amino acid produced from methionine. It has been reported that high concentrations of Hcy are related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and induce the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by triggering oxidative stress and inflammation. LCZ696 is a novel antihypertensive agent that has been recently reported to possess promising anti-inflammatory properties. However, whether it has a protective effect on the BBB disruption is still unknown. For the first time, in this study, we aim to investigate whether LCZ696 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on Hcy-induced injury in brain endothelial cells and explore its neuroprotective properties. In in vivo experiments, we found that treatment with LCZ696 ameliorated oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, LCZ696 downregulated the excessive release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at mRNA and protein levels. Importantly, it reversed the disruption of the BBB induced by Hcy stimulation. In the in vitro human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMVEC) experiments, compared to the control, the permeability of the endothelial monolayer was significantly enlarged, the expression level of occludin declined, and Egr-1 upregulated by the introduction of Hcy, and these were all reversed by the treatment with LCZ696. Lastly, we found that the protective effects of LCZ696 against Hcy-induced reduction of occludin and hyper-permeability of the endothelial monolayer were greatly abolished by the overexpression of Egr-1. Taken together, we found that LCZ696 protected against Hcy-induced impairment of BBB integrity by increasing the expression of occludin, all mediated by the inhibition of Egr-1.
Keywords: Blood–brain barrier; Egr-1; Homocysteine; LCZ696.
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.