Anesthesia for minimally invasive cardiac surgery: is it still a place for opioids?

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, General Hospital "G. Papanikolaou", Thessaloniki, Greece.
• ² Department of Anesthetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• ³ Department of Respiratory Medicine, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
• ⁴ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.