Background: The use of chemical insecticides to control Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is widespread, although it might exert a sublethal effect on its dominant parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). To investigate the sublethal effect of spirotetramat on E. formosa, we observed the ability of E. formosa to locate and handle the host, oviposit and preen after exposure to sublethal concentrations of spirotetramat.
Results: After exposure to spirotetramat at LC50 , the response time of E. formosa to the volatile reached 223.40 s and was significantly prolonged. Only 56.44% of the wasps were attracted by the volatile and the insect crawled the slowest among all of the treatments. The averages of oviposition posture adopted and host handled by each E. formosa in 1 h decreased significantly to 1.79 and 1.27, respectively. At the sublethal concentration of LC10 , 94.59% of the wasps were attracted by the volatile and the insect crawled the fastest. The average of host handled by each E. formosa was 3.92, and the frequency of drumming while walking and drumming the host was 12.34 times per second and 12.30 times per second, respectively, demonstrating a significant acceleration in these abilities.
Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that spirotetramat induced hormesis in E. formosa on exposure to its LC10 concentration and accelerated its host locating, host handling and frequency of antennae drumming. These findings could assist in balancing the chemical and biological control of B. tabaci and enhancing the efficacy of E. formosa as a biocontrol agent. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Keywords: hormesis; parasitoid; sublethal concentration; whitefly; wind tunnel.
© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.