Tumor lysis syndrome(TLS)is an oncologic emergency resulting from the lysis of large numbers of cancer cells leading to metabolic abnormalities when their contents are released into the bloodstream. TLS is sometimes fatal, and prevention is the cornerstone of TLS countermeasures. In 2010, Cairo et al reported the TLS development risk by cancer type after conventional chemotherapy. However, recently developed drug therapies are sufficiently different from earlier therapies to warrant reviewing the risk of TLS development. In this review, we will reassess the cancer-specific TLS risk based on new drug therapies and provide an overview of prevention and treatment methods.