Gait analysis based on inertial sensors has become an effective method of quantifying movement mechanics, such as joint kinematics and kinetics. Machine learning techniques are used to reliably predict joint mechanics directly from streams of IMU signals for various activities. These data-driven models require comprehensive and representative training datasets to be generalizable across the movement variability seen in the population at large. Bottlenecks in model development frequently occur due to the lack of sufficient training data and the significant time and resources necessary to acquire these datasets. Reliable methods to generate synthetic biomechanical training data could streamline model development and potentially improve model performance. In this study, we developed a methodology to generate synthetic kinematics and the associated predicted IMU signals using open source musculoskeletal modeling software. These synthetic data were used to train neural networks to predict three degree-of-freedom joint rotations at the hip and knee during gait either in lieu of or along with previously measured experimental gait data. The accuracy of the models' kinematic predictions was assessed using experimentally measured IMU signals and gait kinematics. Models trained using the synthetic data out-performed models using only the experimental data in five of the six rotational degrees of freedom at the hip and knee. On average, root mean square errors in joint angle predictions were improved by 38% at the hip (synthetic data RMSE: 2.3°, measured data RMSE: 4.5°) and 11% at the knee (synthetic data RMSE: 2.9°, measured data RMSE: 3.3°), when models trained solely on synthetic data were compared to measured data. When models were trained on both measured and synthetic data, root mean square errors were reduced by 54% at the hip (measured + synthetic data RMSE: 1.9°) and 45% at the knee (measured + synthetic data RMSE: 1.7°), compared to measured data alone. These findings enable future model development for different activities of clinical significance without the burden of generating large quantities of gait lab data for model training, streamlining model development, and ultimately improving model performance.
Keywords: augmentation; deep learning; inertial sensors; joint kinematics; synthetic data.