We examined nitrogen use efficiency of 15N-urea of 15-year-old 'Gala' apple trees by broadcast fertilization (T1), nitrogen fertilization with drip irrigation (T2) and nitrogen fertilization with subsurface irrigation (T3), to further improve the water and fertilizer integration technology for apple orchard and to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency. The results showed that leaf area, chlorophyll, and leaf nitrogen content of leaves were significantly higher in T3 treatment than those in T1 and T2 treatments. Soil mineral nitrogen content (20-40 cm) in each period followed the order of T3>T2>T1, while that in 0-20 cm followed an order of T2>T3>T1. The Ndff value at organ level (the contribution rate of the 15N amount absorbed by various organs of the tree to the total nitrogen content of the organ) was the highest in T3 treatment in each period, followed by T2 and T1 treatments. The utilization rate of 15N in the fruit ripening period followed an order of T3>T2>T1. The 15N utilization rate of T3 reached 24.2%, being 1.19 and 1.65 times of T2 and T1, respectively. The 15N distribution rate in the fruits during the fruit maturity stage was the highest in T1 treatment, while that in the storage organs was the highest in T2 treatment and that in the reproduction organs was the highest in T3 treatment. The single fruit weight, yield, soluble solids, hardness, soluble sugar and sugar-acid ratio were the highest in T3 treatment, followed by T2 and T1 treatments. In summary, nitrogen application by percolation irrigation (subsurface application) significantly promoted leaf growth and nitrogen utilization of apple tree, and improved fruit yield and quality.
以‘嘎啦/八棱海棠’为试材,借助15N同位素示踪技术,研究了撒施(T1)、滴灌施氮(T2)和渗灌施氮(T3)对嘎啦苹果氮素吸收利用、分配特性和产量品质的影响,以期进一步完善苹果园水肥一体化技术,挖掘提高氮素利用率的途径。结果表明: T3处理苹果叶片的叶面积、叶绿素和氮含量显著高于T1和T2处理。各时期土壤矿化氮(Nmin)含量在20~40 cm土层表现为T3＞T2＞T1处理,在0~20 cm土层表现为T2＞T3＞T1处理。同一器官的Ndff值(树体各器官从肥料中吸收到的15N占该器官全氮量的比例)在各时期均以T3处理最高,T2其次,T1处理最低。果实成熟期的树体15N利用率表现为T3＞T2＞T1处理,其中T3处理的树体15N利用率为24.2%,分别是T2和T1处理的1.19和1.65倍。果实成熟期T1处理的15N分配率在营养器官最高,T2处理在贮藏器官最高,T3处理在生殖器官最高。各处理的单果重、产量、可溶性固形物、硬度、可溶性糖及糖酸比均以T3处理最高,T2其次,T1处理最低。渗灌施氮处理显著促进了嘎啦苹果树体叶片生长和氮素利用,并提高了果实产量和品质。.
Keywords: nitrogen fertilization with subsurface irrigation|nitrogen fertilization with drip irrigation|broadcast fertilization|utilization rate of 15 N|partition rate of 15 N|yield|quality.