Objectives: Recombinant activated factor VIIa (rVIIa) is used off-label for refractory bleeding after cardiac surgery. This study reviewed the indications, usage rates, and complications of rVIIa.
Design: A retrospective case-control observational study.
Setting: A single quaternary pediatric hospital.
Participants: All children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass over a three-year period.
Interventions: Administration of rVIIa as rescue therapy for refractory bleeding after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass.
Measurements and main results: Onethousand, five hundred fifteen cardiopulmonary bypass procedures were reviewed. Patients receiving rVIIa were each matched to two control patients by age, procedure type, and bypass time. Data collected included weight, crossclamp time, anticoagulant and antifibrinolytic dose, return to the operating room for bleeding, thrombotic events, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit interventions. Forty-two patients received rVIIa (2.8%). Major systemic thrombotic complications were observed in 19% (controls 12.5%) of patients; 80% of recombinant factor VIIa patients requiring postoperative ECMO had interventions for circuit thrombosis (controls 31.25%); 4.76% of rVIIa recipients required reexploration for intractable bleeding (controls 1.39%).
Conclusions: This study added to understanding regarding the use of recombinant factor VIIa in pediatric cardiac surgery and reported increased thrombotic complications, especially for children who progress to ECMO. Prospective studies to better understand the pathophysiology of coagulopathy and hemorrhage in pediatric cardiac surgery and the role of hemostatic agents, such as rVIIa, are required.
Keywords: cardiopulmonary bypass; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; hemorrhage; hemostasis; recombinant factor VIIa; thrombosis.
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.