Ligands for kappa opioid receptors (KOR) have potential uses as non-addictive analgesics and for the treatment of pruritus, mood disorders, and substance abuse. These areas continue to have major unmet medical needs. Significant advances have been made in recent years in the preclinical development of novel opioid peptides, notably ones with structural features that inherently impart stability to proteases. Following a brief discussion of the potential therapeutic applications of KOR agonists and antagonists, this review focuses on two series of novel opioid peptides, all-D-amino acid tetrapeptides as peripherally selective KOR agonists for the treatment of pain and pruritus without centrally mediated side effects, and macrocyclic tetrapeptides based on CJ-15,208 that can exhibit different opioid profiles with potential applications such as analgesics and treatments for substance abuse.
Keywords: All D-amino acid tetrapeptides; Analgesia; Blood brain barrier permeability; CJ-15,208; Dynorphin; Kappa opioid receptor; Macrocyclic tetrapeptides; Mood disorders; Oral activity; Peripherally restricted ligand; Pruritus; Respiration; Stress; Substance abuse; cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-D-Phe].
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.