A Single-Center Surgical Experience With the Reverse Sural Artery Flap as a Reliable Solution for Lower Leg Soft Tissue Defects, With Minimum Two-Year Follow-Up

Efstratios D Athanaselis; Apostolos Fyllos; Aristeidis H Zibis; Theofilos Karachalios; Michael Hantes; Zoe Dailiana; Konstantinos Malizos; Sokratis Varitimidis

doi:10.7759/cureus.16574

A Single-Center Surgical Experience With the Reverse Sural Artery Flap as a Reliable Solution for Lower Leg Soft Tissue Defects, With Minimum Two-Year Follow-Up

Cureus. 2021 Jul 22;13(7):e16574. doi: 10.7759/cureus.16574. eCollection 2021 Jul.

Authors

Efstratios D Athanaselis¹, Apostolos Fyllos¹, Aristeidis H Zibis², Theofilos Karachalios¹, Michael Hantes¹, Zoe Dailiana¹, Konstantinos Malizos³, Sokratis Varitimidis¹

Affiliations

¹ Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Trauma, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, GRC.
² Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, GRC.
³ Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Trauma, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, GRC.

Abstract

Aim: Small soft tissue defects of the distal tibia and hindfoot resulting from traumatic, operative, or neoplastic conditions and chronic ulcers can be successfully dealt with the use of the reverse sural artery flap (RSAF). This study aims to describe a single center's results and familiarity with this technique over a 15-year period of time.

Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical files of patients who were consecutively treated with RSAF and regularly followed up between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2018, with a minimum postoperative follow-up period of two years. Patient demographics and comorbidities, location of the defect, performing surgeon, mean operation time, flap pedicle width, mean size of the defect, days of hospitalization following the operation, healing flap rate, and complications were recorded.

Results: The sample consisted of 30 adult patients (25 men, 5 women), with a mean age of 51.07 years (16-80 years, SD 18.61). The mean operation time was 99.03 min (range 83-131, SD 10.57), and the mean size of the defect was 11.11 cm² (range 6.1-19.4, SD 3.22). Successful flap rate (complete healing and coverage of the defect, with or without additional minor intervention) was 83.3% (25/30). Among successfully healed flaps, six patients with partial necrosis of the dermis were treated by an additional split-thickness skin graft. Five flaps failed to heal. Deep infection was present in two patients, leading to flap failure and reoperation. Serious venous congestion resulting in flap ischemia occurred in three cases. Circumferential keloid formation (not affecting successful outcome) was present in seven cases. Flap thickness approximated to normal within six months. All donor sites healed well (either by a split-thickness cutaneous flap or by immediate wound closure). Light paresthesia on the lateral border of the leg and foot disappeared within six months.

Conclusions: A single-center experience with the RSAF has yielded satisfactory clinical outcomes, and the long-term tackle with the difficult reconstruction conditions around the ankle, has led to valuable advice on surgical technique and postoperative protocol, based on an anatomical basis.

Keywords: artery; complication; cutaneous nerve; diabetic foot ulcers; pedicled flap; reconstruction; soft tissue defect.