Acid oils and fatty acid distillates are by-products from the refining of edible oils and fats. They are used as feed ingredients, but their highly variable composition sometimes affects the productive parameters of the animals. Thus, their quality control and standardization are necessary. The official methods recommended for crude and refined fats and oils must be modified to give reliable results when applied to acid oils and fatty acid distillates. This article summarizes the drawbacks that were encountered during the setup of the analytical methods and how were they overcome by adapting the methods to these type of fat samples. Some methods such as the determinations of fatty acid composition, tocopherol and tocotrienol content, unsaponifiable matter, acidity and peroxide value had to be minimally adapted. However, others such as the determinations of moisture and volatile matter, insoluble impurities, lipid classes and p-anisidine value showed important drawbacks that required a more significant adaptation.•All the analytical methods have been successfully applied to acid oils and fatty acid distillates.•A detailed description of the sample preparation for analysis and applied analytical methods is provided as a compendium of methods in the supplementary material.•These methods will be extremely useful to improve the quality control of these heterogeneous feed ingredients.
Keywords: AO, acids oils; Analytical methods; FA, fatty acids; FAD, fatty acid distillates; FAME, fatty acid methyl esters; FFA, free fatty acids; Fat by-products; Feed ingredients; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatograph; I, insoluble impurities; M, moisture; MIU, sum of moisture, insoluble impurities and unsaponifiable matter; Quality control; RSD, relative standard deviation; T, tocopherols; T3, tocotrienols; U, unsaponifiable matter; U/S ratio, unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio; p-AnV, p-anisidine value.
© 2021 The Authors.