African Swine Fever in the Russian Far East (2019-2020): Spatio-Temporal Analysis and Implications for Wild Ungulates

Olga I Zakharova; Ilya A Titov; Andrey E Gogin; Timofey A Sevskikh; Fedor I Korennoy; Denis V Kolbasov; Levon Abrahamyan; Andrey A Blokhin

doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.723081

African Swine Fever in the Russian Far East (2019-2020): Spatio-Temporal Analysis and Implications for Wild Ungulates

Front Vet Sci. 2021 Aug 5:8:723081. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.723081. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Olga I Zakharova¹, Ilya A Titov², Andrey E Gogin², Timofey A Sevskikh², Fedor I Korennoy^{1

3}, Denis V Kolbasov², Levon Abrahamyan⁴, Andrey A Blokhin¹

Affiliations

¹ Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
² Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia.
³ Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, Russia.
⁴ Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.

Abstract

African swine fever (ASF) is an emerging viral contagious disease affecting domestic pigs (DP) and wild boar (WB). ASF causes significant economic damage to the pig industry worldwide due to nearly 100% mortality and the absence of medical treatments. Since 2019, an intensive spread of ASF has been observed in the Russian Far East region. This spread raises concerns for epidemiologists and ecologists given the potential threat to the WB population, which is an essential member of the region's wild ungulates and provides a notable share of food resources for predatory species. This study aims to determine the genotype of ASF virus circulating in the region, reveal the spatio-temporal patterns of the ASF outbreaks' emergence, and assess the potential reduction of the regional fauna because of expected depopulation of WB. The first historical case of ASF in the study region was caused by an African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolated from DPs and belonging to Genotype 2, CVR1; IGR-2 (TRS +). Sequencing results showed no significant differences among ASFV strains currently circulating in the Russian Federation, Europe, and China. The spatiotemporal analysis with the space-time permutations model demonstrated the presence of six statistically significant clusters of ASF outbreaks with three clusters in DPs and one cluster in WBs. DP outbreaks prevail in the north-west regions of the study area, while northern regions demonstrate a mixture of DP and WB outbreaks. Colocation analysis did not reveal a statistically significant pattern of grouping of one category of outbreaks around the others. The possible damage to the region's fauna was assessed by modeling the total body mass of wild ungulates before and after the wild boars' depopulation, considering a threshold density of WB population of 0.025 head/km², according to the currently in force National Plan on the ASF Eradication in Russia. The results suggest the total mass of ungulates of the entire study region will likely decrease by 8.4% (95% CI: 4.1-13.0%), while it may decrease by 33.6% (19.3-46.1%) in the Primorsky Krai, thereby posing an undeniable threat to the predatory species of the region.

Keywords: African swine fever virus; Far East of Russia; cluster analysis; depopulation; genotyping; ungulates; wild boar.