Neonatal encephalopathy: Etiologies other than hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

A G Sandoval Karamian; S Mercimek-Andrews; K Mohammad; E J Molloy; T Chang; Vann Chau; D M Murray; Courtney J Wusthoff; Newborn Brain Society Guidelines and Publications Committee

doi:10.1016/j.siny.2021.101272

Neonatal encephalopathy: Etiologies other than hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021 Oct;26(5):101272. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101272. Epub 2021 Aug 4.

Authors

A G Sandoval Karamian¹, S Mercimek-Andrews², K Mohammad³, E J Molloy⁴, T Chang⁵, Vann Chau⁶, D M Murray⁷, Courtney J Wusthoff⁸; Newborn Brain Society Guidelines and Publications Committee

Affiliations

¹ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, 3501 Civic Center Blvd Office 1200.12, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. Electronic address: sandovalka@email.chop.edu.
² Biochemical Geneticist, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, 8-39 Medical Sciences Building, 8613 - 144 Street, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: saadet@ualberta.ca.
³ Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Room B4-286, 28 Oki drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada. Electronic address: Khorshid.mohammad@ahs.ca.
⁴ Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland; Children's Health Ireland at Tallaght and Crumlin & and Coombe Women's and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Academic Centre, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland. Electronic address: eleanor.molloy@tcd.ie.
⁵ George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Neonatal Neurology Program, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA. Electronic address: tchang@childrensnational.org.
⁶ Neurology, Neonatal Neurology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. Electronic address: vann.chau@sickkids.ca.
⁷ Deptartment of Paediatric and Child Health, University College Cork, ARm 2.32, Paediatric Academic Unit, Floor 2, Seahorse Unit, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DCA4, Ireland. Electronic address: d.murray@ucc.ie.
⁸ Division of Child Neurology, Division of Pediatrics- Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford Children's Health, 750 Welch Road, Suite 317, Palo Alto, CA, 94304 USA. Electronic address: wusthoff@stanford.edu.

PMID: 34417137
DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101272

Abstract

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) describes the clinical syndrome of a newborn with abnormal brain function that may result from a variety of etiologies. HIE should be distinguished from neonatal encephalopathy due to other causes using data gathered from the history, physical and neurological exam, and further investigations. Identifying the underlying cause of encephalopathy has important treatment implications. This review outlines conditions that cause NE and may be mistaken for HIE, along with their distinguishing clinical features, pathophysiology, investigations, and treatments. NE due to brain malformations, vascular causes, neuromuscular causes, genetic conditions, neurogenetic disorders and inborn errors of metabolism, central nervous system (CNS) and systemic infections, and toxic/metabolic disturbances are discussed.

Keywords: Brain; Brain diseases; Central nervous system; Hypoxia-ischemia; Inborn errors of metabolism; Neonatal encephalopathy; Neonatal intensive care; Neuromuscular disorders; Perinatal stroke; Vascular malformations.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Humans
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain* / therapy
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Newborn, Diseases* / diagnosis
Infant, Newborn, Diseases* / etiology
Infant, Newborn, Diseases* / therapy