In vitro removal of paraquat and diquat from aqueous media using raw and calcined basil seed

Yugo Uematsu; Fumihiko Ogata; Noriaki Nagai; Chalermpong Saenjum; Takehiro Nakamura; Naohito Kawasaki

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07644

In vitro removal of paraquat and diquat from aqueous media using raw and calcined basil seed

Heliyon. 2021 Jul 27;7(7):e07644. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07644. eCollection 2021 Jul.

Authors

Yugo Uematsu¹, Fumihiko Ogata¹, Noriaki Nagai¹, Chalermpong Saenjum^{2

3}, Takehiro Nakamura¹, Naohito Kawasaki^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
² Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Muang District, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
³ Cluster of Excellence on Biodiversity-based Economics and Society (B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Muang District, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
⁴ Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.

Abstract

Raw and calcined basil seeds (BS and BS1000, respectively) were evaluated for their ability to remove herbicides such as paraquat and diquat. The physicochemical properties of BS and BS1000 were determined and the effects of contact time and initial concentration on paraquat and diquat adsorption were assessed. After calcination treatment, the number of pores in BS increased, and the specific surface area was increased from 0.265 to 86.902 m² g^-1. The quantity of herbicides adsorbed using BS1000 was greater than that using either BS or medicinal-grade carbon. Additionally, the adsorption quantity increased with the increase in contact time and initial concentration of herbicide. Therefore, BS1000 is a potential resource for the removal of herbicides. Moreover, BS and BS1000 exhibited the capacity for herbicide adsorption in simulated intestinal fluid.

Keywords: Adsorption; Basil seed; Diquat; Paraquat.