1 Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
2 The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
4 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
5 Department of Physical and Rehabilitation, Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary and Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
6 Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
7 Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
8 Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.