Enhancement of Y5-xPrxSb3-yMy (M = Sn, Pb) Electrodes for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries by Structure Disordering and CNTs Additives

Volodymyr Pavlyuk; Wojciech Ciesielski; Nazar Pavlyuk; Damian Kulawik; Agnieszka Balińska; Karolina Kluziak

doi:10.3390/ma14154331

Enhancement of Y_5-xPr_xSb_3-yM_y (M = Sn, Pb) Electrodes for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries by Structure Disordering and CNTs Additives

Materials (Basel). 2021 Aug 3;14(15):4331. doi: 10.3390/ma14154331.

Authors

Volodymyr Pavlyuk^{1

2}, Wojciech Ciesielski¹, Nazar Pavlyuk^{1

2}, Damian Kulawik¹, Agnieszka Balińska¹, Karolina Kluziak¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Częstochowa Jan Długosz University, al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42200 Częstochowa, Poland.
² Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivan Franko Lviv National University, Kyryla i Mefodia 6, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine.

Abstract

The maximally disordered (MD) phases with the general formula Y_5-xPr_xSb_3-yM_y (M = Sn, Pb) are formed with partial substitution of Y by Pr and Sb by Sn or Pb in the binary Y₅Sb₃ compound. During the electrochemical lithiation and sodiation, the formation of Y_5-xPr_xSb_3-yM_yLi_z and Y_5-xPr_xSb_3-yM_yNa_z maximally disordered-high entropy intermetallic phases (MD-HEIP), as the result of insertion of Li/Na into octahedral voids, were observed. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are an effective additive to improve the cycle stability of the Y_5-xPr_xSb_3-yM_y (M = Sn, Pb) anodes for lithium-ion (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Modification of Y_5-xPr_xSb_3-ySn_y alloys by carbon nanotubes allowed us to significantly increase the discharge capacity of both types of batteries, which reaches 280 mAh · g^-1 (for LIBs) and 160 mAh · g^-1 (for SIBs), respectively. For Y_5-xPrxSb_3-yPb_y alloys in which antimony is replaced by lead, these capacities are slightly smaller and are 270 mAh · g^-1 (for LIBs) and 155 mAh · g^-1 (for SIBs), respectively. Results show that structure disordering and CNT additives could increase the electrode capacities up to 30% for LIBs and up to 25% for SIBs.

Keywords: alloys; batteries; electrochemistry of materials; solid state electrochemistry.