Effect of Acid Flow Rate, Membrane Surface Area, and Capture Solution on the Effectiveness of Suspended GPM Systems to Recover Ammonia

María Soto-Herranz; Mercedes Sánchez-Báscones; Juan Manuel Antolín-Rodríguez; Matías B Vanotti; Pablo Martín-Ramos

doi:10.3390/membranes11070538

Effect of Acid Flow Rate, Membrane Surface Area, and Capture Solution on the Effectiveness of Suspended GPM Systems to Recover Ammonia

Membranes (Basel). 2021 Jul 16;11(7):538. doi: 10.3390/membranes11070538.

Authors

María Soto-Herranz¹, Mercedes Sánchez-Báscones¹, Juan Manuel Antolín-Rodríguez¹, Matías B Vanotti², Pablo Martín-Ramos³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIIAA, University of Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain.
² United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Coastal Plains Soil, Water and Plant Research Center, 2611W. Lucas St., Florence, SC 29501, USA.
³ Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), EPS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Carretera de Cuarte, s/n, 22071 Huesca, Spain.

Abstract

Ammonia losses from manure pose serious problems for ecosystems and human and animal health. Gas-permeable membranes (GPMs) constitute a promising approach to address the challenge of reducing farm ammonia emissions and to attain the EU's Clean Air Package goals. In this study, the effect of NH₃-N concentration, membrane surface area, acid flux, and type of capture solution on ammonia recovery was investigated for a suspended GPM system through three experiments, in which ammonia was released from a synthetic solution (NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃ + allylthiourea). The effect of two surface areas (81.7 and 163.4 cm²) was first evaluated using three different synthetic N emitting concentrations (3000, 6000, and 12,000 mg NH₃-N∙L^-1) and keeping the flow of acidic solution (1N H₂SO₄) constant (0.8 L·h^-1). A direct relationship was found between the amount of NH₃ captured and the NH₃-N concentration in the N-emitting solution, and between the amount of NH₃ captured and the membrane surface area at the two lowest concentrations. Nonetheless, the use of a larger membrane surface barely improved ammonia capture at the highest concentration, pointing to the existence of other limiting factors. Hence, ammonia capture was then studied using different acid flow rates (0.8, 1.3, 1.6, and 2.1 L∙h^-1) at a fixed N emitting concentration of 6000 mg NH₃-N∙L^-1 and a surface area of 122.5 cm². A higher acid flow rate (0.8-2.1 L∙h^-1) resulted in a substantial increase in ammonia absorption, from 165 to 262 mg of NH₃∙d^-1 over a 14-day period. Taking the parameters that led to the best results in experiments 1 and 2, different types of ammonia capture solutions (H₂SO₄, water and carbonated water) were finally compared under refrigeration conditions (at 2 °C). A high NH₃ recovery (81% in 7 days), comparable to that obtained with the H₂SO₄ solution (88%), was attained when chilled water was used as the capture solution. The presented results point to the need to carefully optimize the emitter concentration, flow rate, and type of capture solution to maximize the effectiveness of suspended GPM systems, and suggest that chilled water may be used as an alternative to conventional acidic solutions, with associated savings.

Keywords: acid flow rate; ammonia capture solution; gas-permeable membrane; mass flow; surface area; suspended system.