The Meaning Making Model Applied to Community-Dwelling Adults with Chronic Pain

Alexandra Ferreira-Valente; Fernando Fontes; José Pais-Ribeiro; Mark P Jensen

doi:10.2147/JPR.S308607

The Meaning Making Model Applied to Community-Dwelling Adults with Chronic Pain

J Pain Res. 2021 Jul 28:14:2295-2311. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S308607. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Alexandra Ferreira-Valente^{1

2}, Fernando Fontes³, José Pais-Ribeiro¹, Mark P Jensen²

Affiliations

¹ William James Center for Research, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal.
² Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
³ Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Abstract

Purpose: Chronic pain is a multidimensional experience that is influenced by biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors. The Meaning Making Model is a recent cognitive behavioral model that has been developed to understand how psychosocial factors influence adjustment to stressful events, such as having a chronic illness. This qualitative study aims to understand the potential utility of this model for understanding the role of meaning making in adjustment to chronic pain.

Materials and methods: Eighteen community-dwelling adults with chronic low back pain or chronic pain due to osteoarthritis participated in four focus groups. Participants were asked open-ended questions about their pain experience, pain-related beliefs, meaning of pain, and the perceived association between pain and their meaning in life and sense of purpose. Data were submitted to thematic analysis and the identified themes were considered in light of the Meaning Making Model.

Results: Three overarching themes emerged, each of which included two themes. The first overarching theme - "appraised meaning of pain" - included the themes "causal attributions" and "primary appraisals." The second - "meaning making processes" - included the themes "assimilation" and "accommodation." The third - "meanings made" - included the themes "pain as an opportunity" and "acceptance."

Conclusion: The key themes that emerged as individuals with chronic pain discussed pain and its impact are consistent with those that would be hypothesized as important from the Meaning Making Model, providing preliminary support for the utility of this model in the context of chronic pain. People with chronic pain appear to appraise pain in terms of its cause, controllability, threat, loss, or challenge. When a discrepancy between the appraised meaning of pain and one's global meaning emerged, participants engaged in meaning making processes (accommodation and assimilation), resulting in meanings made, such as a reappraised meaning of pain, perceptions of growth, and acceptance.

Keywords: chronic pain; meaning in life; meaning of pain; thematic analysis.