The COVID-19 global pandemic has devastated lives and economies. It has served as a reminder of how critical it is to invest in preventing and treating infectious diseases. Until the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest US government-sponsored reward for infectious disease drug and vaccine development was the Tropical Disease Priority Review Voucher program. Under this program, the Food and Drug Administration awards a priority review voucher to the sponsor of a new drug or vaccine for tropical infectious diseases. The voucher then can be exchanged for the faster review of one drug. We provide case studies for tropical disease voucher recipients between 2007 and 2018, examine the effects of the voucher program on product innovation and access, and recommend that policy makers protect the voucher program while creating complementary incentives.