Metabolic flexibility during normal pregnancy allows appropriate adaptation during gestation independently of BMI

Abstract

Background & aims: Overweight and obesity in reproductive-age women hasten the development of insulin resistance and increase risk for deterioration of pregnancy metabolism. These pregnancy-associated metabolic changes are similar to those of the metabolic syndrome. Thus, some metabolic flexibility must allow appropriate adaptation to the metabolic load that pregnancy imposes. We evaluated metabolic flexibility during uncomplicated pregnancy in women with pre-gestational normal weight or overweight.

Methods: In 20 women with singleton pregnancies, pre-pregnancy BMI was categorized as normal-weight (Nw) or overweight (Ow). The women were seen quarterly, and fasting and postprandial blood samples were collected at each visit. Indirect fasting and/postprandial calorimetry was performed to evaluate metabolic flexibility (Δrespiratory quotient (RQ) = RQ_postprandial - RQ_fasting).

Results: In the first trimester, metabolic flexibility was lower in the Ow group compared to the Nw group (0.031 ± 0.0131 vs 0.077 ± 0.018, respectively) without a statistically significant difference (p = 0.053). In the second trimester, the Ow group was significantly more flexible than the Nw group (0.190 ± 0.016 vs 0.077 ± 0.015, respectively (p = 0.004)). For the third trimester, the Ow and Nw groups did not differ in metabolic flexibility (0.074 ± 0.013 vs 0.087 ± 0.021, respectively) (p = 0.40). The most influential variables for metabolic flexibility during pregnancy were lactate, leptin, β-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, aromatic amino acids, medium and long chain acylcarnitine's.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that metabolic flexibility changes throughout pregnancy, independently of pre-pregnancy BMI. These changes maintain metabolic homeostasis between the mother and foetus, allowing for appropriate adjustments during pregnancy.

Keywords: Gestation; Indirect calorimetry; Metabolic flexibility; Metabolites; Postprandial.