Social support for women after fistula repair: A scoping review

Abstract

Background: Obstetric fistula (OF) is a birth complication that largely affects women in developing countries. These women suffer constant incontinence, shame, social segregation, and health problems. Reconstructive surgery can usually repair OF, enabling the women to reintegrate back into their communities. However, pro repair does not necessarily equate with emotional recovery. Our objective was to explore women's experiences of social support after first time OF repair.

Methods: An evidence synthesis was performed based on a systematic search of literature done between January and March 2020 in PubMed, CINAHL, ProQuest, and EMBASE databases using keywords including "obstetric fistula", "vesicovaginal fistula", "vesicovaginal", "fistula", and "social support". Inclusion criteria were primary peer reviewed articles addressing one or more study objectives, in English, on OF support, regardless of location. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility of the studies and extracted the data. Disagreement between the reviewers were resolved by a third reviewer. The scoping review was based on a framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley (2015).

Results: The search resulted in 246 articles, of which 14 met inclusion/exclusion criteria. The synthesis of the studies was theoretically guided by Berkman's Model which emphasizes a link between social resources, social support, and disease. We found that support was either internal or external. Internal support constituted self-efficacy resulting in strengthened internal locus of control. Externally, women were supported by friends and family with material and financial resources. In some cases, the women were supported with educational opportunities and/or business start-up capital. Our review identified the need to support women with information about OF. Most post-OF repair women who were successfully re-integrated into their communities choose to support other women suffering from OF.

Conclusions: Social networks make a significant contribution to emotional and psychological recovery of women after a successful OF surgical repair. Lack of social networks were also found to be detrimental to emotional and psychological recovery of women. Most women were abandoned and not supported by their husbands. Restorative surgery is not sufficient making supportive and well organised social networks an integral component of full recovery post-OF repair.

Keywords: Berkman’s model; Obstetric fistula; Social networks; Social support.