Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program

PLoS One. 2021 Jul 29;16(7):e0255267. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255267. eCollection 2021.

Abstract

Aims: Mass antigen testing programs have been challenged because of an alleged insufficient specificity, leading to a large number of false positives. The objective of this study is to derive a lower bound of the specificity of the SD Biosensor Standard Q Ag-Test in large scale practical use.

Methods: Based on county data from the nationwide tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Slovakia between 31.10.-1.11. 2020 we calculate a lower confidence bound for the specificity. As positive test results were not systematically verified by PCR tests, we base the lower bound on a worst case assumption, assuming all positives to be false positives.

Results: 3,625,332 persons from 79 counties were tested. The lowest positivity rate was observed in the county of Rožňava where 100 out of 34307 (0.29%) tests were positive. This implies a test specificity of at least 99.6% (97.5% one-sided lower confidence bound, adjusted for multiplicity).

Conclusion: The obtained lower bound suggests a higher specificity compared to earlier studies in spite of the underlying worst case assumption and the application in a mass testing setting. The actual specificity is expected to exceed 99.6% if the prevalence in the respective regions was non-negligible at the time of testing. To our knowledge, this estimate constitutes the first bound obtained from large scale practical use of an antigen test.

MeSH terms

  • Antigens, Viral / immunology*
  • COVID-19 / diagnosis*
  • COVID-19 / immunology*
  • COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing / methods*
  • COVID-19 Testing / methods*
  • False Negative Reactions
  • False Positive Reactions
  • Humans
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • Slovakia

Substances

  • Antigens, Viral

Grants and funding

The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.