Helicobacter pylori genomes encode over 60 predicted outer membrane proteins (OMPs). Several OMPs in the Hop family act as adhesins, but the functions of most Hop proteins are unknown. To identify hop mutant strains exhibiting differential fitness in vivo compared to in vitro, we used a genetic barcoding method that allowed us to track changes in the proportional abundance of H. pylori strains within a mixed population. We generated a library of hop mutant strains, each containing a unique nucleotide barcode, as well as a library of control strains, each containing a nucleotide barcode in an intergenic region predicted to be a neutral locus unrelated to bacterial fitness. We orogastrically inoculated each of the libraries into mice and analyzed compositional changes in the populations over time in vivo compared to changes detected in the populations during library passage in vitro. The control library proliferated as a relatively stable community in vitro, but there was a reduction in the population diversity of this library in vivo and marked variation in the dominant strains recovered from individual animals, consistent with the existence of a nonselective bottleneck in vivo. We did not identify any OMP mutants exhibiting fitness defects exclusively in vivo without corresponding fitness defects in vitro. Conversely, a babA mutant exhibited a strong fitness advantage in vivo but not in vitro. These findings, when taken together with results of other studies, suggest that production of BabA may have differential effects on H. pylori fitness depending on the environmental conditions.
Keywords: animal model; bacterial outer membrane proteins; competition; fitness; genetic barcoding; population dynamics.