Quantifying Mobility Scooter Performance in Winter Environments

Roger E Montgomery; Yue Li; Tilak Dutta; Pamela J Holliday; Geoff R Fernie

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.06.005

Quantifying Mobility Scooter Performance in Winter Environments

Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2021 Oct;102(10):1902-1909. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.06.005. Epub 2021 Jul 5.

Authors

Roger E Montgomery¹, Yue Li², Tilak Dutta³, Pamela J Holliday⁴, Geoff R Fernie⁵

Affiliations

¹ KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario. Electronic address: roger.montgomery@uhn.ca.
² KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario.
³ KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
⁴ KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
⁵ KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

PMID: 34237307
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.06.005

Abstract

Objectives: To quantify mobility scooter performance when traversing snow, ice, and concrete in cold temperatures and to explore possible performance improvements with scooter winter tires.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Hospital-based research institute.

Participants: Two drivers (50 and 100 kg) tested 8 scooter models (N=8). Two mobility scooters were used for winter tire testing.

Interventions: Scooters were tested on 3 different conditions in a random sequence (concrete, 2.5-cm depth snow, bare ice). Ramp ascent and descent, as well as right-angle cornering up to a maximum of 10° slopes on winter conditions, were observed. Winter tire testing used the same slopes with 2 scooters on bare and melting ice surfaces.

Main outcome measures: Maximum achievable angle (MAA) and tire traction loss for ramp ascent and descent performance. The ability to steer around a corner on the ramp.

Results: All scooters underperformed in winter conditions, specifically when traversing snow- and ice-covered slopes (χ² [2, N=8]=13.87-15.55, P<.001) and corners (χ² [2, N=8]=12.25, P<.01). Half of the scooters we tested were unable to climb a 1:12 grade (4.8°) snow-covered slope without losing traction. All but 1 failed to ascend an ice-covered 1:12 grade (4.8°) slope. Performance was even more unsatisfactory for the forward downslopes on both snow and ice. Winter tires enhanced the MAA, permitting 1:12 (4.8°) slope ascent on ice.

Conclusions: Mobility scooters need to be designed with winter months in mind. Our findings showed that Americans with Disabilities Act-compliant built environments, such as curb ramps that conform to a 1:12 (4.8°) slope, become treacherous or impassible to mobility scooter users when covered in ice or snow. Scooter manufacturers should consider providing winter tires as optional accessories in regions that experience ice and snow accumulation. Additional testing/standards need to be established to evaluate winter mobility scooter performance further.

Keywords: Architectural accessibility; Climate; Ice; Quality of life; Rehabilitation; Safety; Self-help devices; Snow.

Publication types

Comparative Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Architectural Accessibility*
Cross-Sectional Studies
Disabled Persons / rehabilitation*
Electric Power Supplies
Equipment Design*
Humans
Ice*
Quality of Life
Snow*
Wheelchairs*

Substances

Ice

Grants and funding

125993/CIHR/Canada