Social jetlag is associated with obesity-related outcomes in 9-11-year-old children, independent of other sleep characteristics

Abstract

Introduction: Social jetlag has been reported to predict obesity-related indices, independent of sleep duration, with associations in female adolescents but not males. However, such sex-specific relationships have not been investigated in pre-adolescents.

Objectives: To examine: (i) the relationships between sleep characteristics, including social jetlag, and obesity-related outcomes during childhood, and (ii) whether these relationships are moderated by sex.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 381 children aged 9-11 years (49.6% female). Average sleep duration, social jetlag, and physical activity were assessed via wrist-worn accelerometry. Sleep disturbances were quantified from the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Obesity-related outcomes included age-specific body mass index Z-scores (zBMI) and waist-to-height ratio. Additionally % fat, total fat mass, and fat mass index were assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis. Linear mixed models that nested children within schools were used to identify relationships among sleep characteristics and obesity-related outcomes.

Results: Positive associations between social jetlag with zBMI, % fat, and fat mass index were seen in univariable and unadjusted multivariable analyses. Following adjustments for known confounders, social jetlag remained significantly associated with zBMI (β = 0.12, p = 0.013). Simple slopes suggested a positive association in girls (β = 0.19, p = 0.006) but not in boys (β = 0.03, p = 0.703).

Conclusions: Obesity prevention efforts, particularly in girls, may benefit from targeted approaches to improving the consistency of sleep timing in youth.

Keywords: Fat mass; Obesity; Pediatric; Sleep disturbances; Sleep duration; Social jetlag.