Environmental and Spatial Predictors of the Distribution Patterns of the Host-Seeking Black Fly, Simulium jenningsi (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Abstract

Black flies are nuisance pests as adults, yet they are best managed in the larval stage in flowing waters. As a result, more effort is put into understanding the distribution of the immature life stages than the blood-seeking females that form nuisance. The seemingly localized nature of Simulium jenningsi Malloch (Diptera: Simuliidae) pest problems in western Maryland offered a study system to investigate the spatial and environmental correlates to their severity. Collections of adult black flies were taken at 260 sites within a 2,000 km2 region centered on Washington County, Maryland, during June, July, and August of 2 yr. Average S. jenningsi counts were greater in the June of both years compared to July and August. Although S. jenningsi was found at the majority of sampling sites, higher fly counts were significantly clustered in the southern portion of the county where the majority of resident complaints originated. A generalized linear mixed-model (GLMM) approach was used to determine the correlates to S. jenningsi abundance. The highest performing model showed a negative relationship of S. jenningsi counts with the amount of surrounding impervious surface, distance to the riffles along the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers, distance to the closest body of flowing water, and light intensity, as well as a positive relationship with elevation and air temperature. The results suggest S. jenningsi females are not readily found in urban environments in this study region, and the most relevant monitoring locations for S. jenningsi may be outside of human population centers.

Keywords: Simulium jenningsi; Simuliidae; monitoring; nuisance; spatial distribution.