DYT-TOR1A or DYT1 early-onset generalized dystonia is an inherited movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions causing twisting, repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. The majority of the DYT1 dystonia patients have a trinucleotide GAG deletion in DYT1/TOR1A. Trihexyphenidyl (THP), an antagonist for excitatory muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, is commonly used to treat dystonia. Dyt1 heterozygous ΔGAG knock-in (KI) mice, which have the corresponding mutation, exhibit impaired motor-skill transfer. Here, the effect of THP injection during the treadmill training period on the motor-skill transfer to the accelerated rotarod performance was examined. THP treatment reversed the motor-skill transfer impairment in Dyt1 KI mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that Dyt1 KI mice had a significant reduction of the dorsolateral striatal cholinergic interneurons. In contrast, Western blot analysis showed no significant alteration in the expression levels of the striatal enzymes and transporters involved in the acetylcholine metabolism. The results suggest a functional alteration of the cholinergic system underlying the impairment of motor-skill transfer and the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia. Training with THP in a motor task may improve another motor skill performance in DYT1 dystonia.
Keywords: ACh, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; BSA, bovine serum albumin; CI, confidence interval; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; ChI, cholinergic interneuron; ChT, choline transporter; Cholinergic interneuron; DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine; DF, degrees of freedom; Dystonia; Dyt1 KI mice, Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in mice; GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; KO, knockout; LTD, long-term depression; Motor learning; PB, phosphate buffer; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PET, positron emission tomography; Rotarod; THP, trihexyphenidyl; TOR1A; TorsinA; TrkA, tropomyosin receptor kinase A; VAChT, vesicular acetylcholine transporter; WT, wild-type; n.s., not significant.
© 2021 The Authors.