In-House Packed Porous Graphitic Carbon Columns for Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of N- Glycans

Clifford Young; Mark R Condina; Matthew T Briggs; Edward S X Moh; Gurjeet Kaur; Martin K Oehler; Peter Hoffmann

doi:10.3389/fchem.2021.653959

In-House Packed Porous Graphitic Carbon Columns for Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of N- Glycans

Front Chem. 2021 Jun 11:9:653959. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.653959. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Clifford Young¹, Mark R Condina¹, Matthew T Briggs¹, Edward S X Moh², Gurjeet Kaur³, Martin K Oehler⁴, Peter Hoffmann¹

Affiliations

¹ Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
² Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³ Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
⁴ Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

Abstract

Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that modulates biological processes such as the immune response and protein trafficking. Altered glycosylation profiles are associated with cancer and inflammatory diseases, as well as impacting the efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Consisting of oligosaccharides attached to asparagine residues, enzymatically released N-linked glycans are analytically challenging due to the diversity of isomeric structures that exist. A commonly used technique for quantitative N-glycan analysis is liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which performs glycan separation and characterization. Although many reversed and normal stationary phases have been utilized for the separation of N-glycans, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) chromatography has become desirable because of its higher resolving capability, but is difficult to implement in a robust and reproducible manner. Herein, we demonstrate the analytical properties of a 15 cm fused silica capillary (75 µm i.d., 360 µm o.d.) packed in-house with Hypercarb PGC (3 µm) coupled to an Agilent 6550 Q-TOF mass spectrometer for N-glycan analysis in positive ion mode. In repeatability and intermediate precision measurements conducted on released N-glycans from a glycoprotein standard mixture, the majority of N-glycans reported low coefficients of variation with respect to retention times (≤4.2%) and peak areas (≤14.4%). N-glycans released from complex samples were also examined by PGC LC-MS. A total of 120 N-glycan structural and compositional isomers were obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ovarian cancer tissue sections. Finally, a comparison between early- and late-stage formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ovarian cancer tissues revealed qualitative changes in the α2,3- and α2,6-sialic acid linkage of a fucosylated bi-antennary complex N-glycan. Although the α2,3-linkage was predominant in late-stage ovarian cancer, the alternate α2,6-linkage was more prevalent in early-stage ovarian cancer. This study establishes the utility of in-house packed PGC columns for the robust and reproducible LC-MS analysis of N-glycans.

Keywords: N-glycan; hypercarb; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; porous graphitic carbon.