Occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits

Fedae A Alhaddad; Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh; Dana Da'ana; Murad Helaleh; Mohammad A Al-Ghouti

doi:10.1007/s40201-021-00642-9

Occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits

J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2021 Mar 20;19(1):733-751. doi: 10.1007/s40201-021-00642-9. eCollection 2021 Jun.

Authors

Fedae A Alhaddad¹, Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh^{1

2}, Dana Da'ana¹, Murad Helaleh³, Mohammad A Al-Ghouti¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, State of Qatar Doha.
² Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133 Jordan.
³ Section Head Supplements Testing, Anti Doping Lab Qatar, P.O. Box 27775, Doha, Qatar.

Abstract

Background: This paper aims to investigate the occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits. Three adsorbents, namely roasted date pits (RODP), silver-modified roasted date pits (S-RODP), and activated carbon (AC) were used to investigate their adsorption characterizations in removing dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) from the collected bottle water samples.

Methods: The occurrences of the phthalate esters in the collected bottled water samples were carried out at different temperatures (30, 50, and 60 °C), and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis - selected ion monitoring. Batch adsorption isotherms were used to study and establish the efficiency of such adsorbents in removing phthalate esters, in which they describe the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction systems. Adsorption efficiency of the various adsorbents was investigated by using different adsorbent masses (0.05 g, 0.10 g, and 0.15 g) and temperature (30 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C). Different physical and chemical characterizations were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore radius, and pore volume.

Results: The results indicated that the most abundant phthalate esters were DMP followed by DEP under 30 °C; however, DNOP was not detected in any of the tested water samples, except for one sample under 30 °C with a concentration of 0.031 μg/mL. The obtained results showed that phthalate esters leaching to the bottled drinking water were affected by storage temperature. The phthalate esters levels were increased with increasing the temperature to 60 °C. It was concluded that the ability of S-RODP for the adsorption of phthalate esters was better than the removal percentage obtained by AC and RODP. The removal percentage was increased from 90 to 99% by increasing the temperature from 30 to 50 °C and then decreased to 92.3% at 60 °C.

Conclusion: RODP was successfully used as an effective adsorbent for phthalate esters removal from drinking water. However, S-RODP has the highest removal abilities than other adsorbents due to the newly formed functional groups on its surface.

Keywords: Adsorption; Bottled drinking water; Date pits; Phthalate esters; Silver modified roasted date pits.