Clinical relevance of tumor consistency in pituitary adenoma

Abstract

Purpose: To review the clinical relevance of pituitary adenoma (PA) consistency and its relationship to clinical presentation, radiologic and histopathological characteristics, and surgical outcomes.

Background: PA consistency is a critical factor influencing operative planning, surgical outcomes, and patient counseling. There is no validated classification of PA consistency in the literature, and there are no current preoperative variables capable of predicting it.

Review: We conducted a thorough literature review of the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. The inclusion criteria were all articles that described PA consistency and correlated it with preoperative aspects, radiological, pathological, and operative findings, or clinical outcomes.

Discussion: Although most authors differentiate easily aspirated (soft) tumors from those that are not (fibrous, might require prior fragmentation), there is no universally accepted PA consistency classification. Fibrous PA tends to be hypointense on T2WI and has lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Fibrous tumors seemed to present higher invasion into neighboring structures, including the cavernous sinus. Several articles suggest that dopamine agonists could increase PA consistency and that prior surgery and radiotherapy also make PA more fibrous. The anatomopathological studies identify collagen as being mainly responsible for fibrous consistency of adenomas.

Conclusions: Preoperative knowledge of PA consistency affords the neurosurgeon substantial benefit, which clearly appears to be relevant to surgical planning, risks, and surgery outcomes. It could also encourage the centralization of these high complexity tumors in reference centers. Further studies may be enhanced by applying standard consistency classification of the PA and analyzing a more extensive and prospective series of fibrous PA.

Keywords: Adenoma consistency; Fibrous adenoma; Firm adenoma; Hard adenoma; Pituitary adenoma; Soft adenoma.