Objective: To analyze the association of the cadmium internal exposure with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Chinese adults aged 18 and older. Methods: A total of 9 821 adults aged 18-79 from the China National Human Biomonitoring (CNHBM) from 2017 to 2018 were included. Blood and urine cadmium exposure levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and urine cadmium levels were adjusted with urine creatinine; CKD were defined by estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI). Weights were considered due to complex sampling process for in statistical analysis. Logistic regression is used to analyze the association of blood cadmium, urine cadmium, and urine cadmium adjusted with creatinine exposure levels with CKD, and restricted cube spline (RCS) was used to assess the exposure-response curve of blood cadmium, urine cadmium and urine cadmium adjusted with creatinine with CKD. Results: The weighted age was 44.75 and males accounted for 61.1%. The prevalence rate of CKD was 12.7%. The geometric mean values of blood cadmium, urine cadmium, and urine cadmium adjusted with creatinine were 0.96 μg/L, 0.61 μg/L, and 0.58 μg/g. After adjusting for confounding factors, the weighted logistic regression showed that the lowest quintile (Q1) was compared with the odds ratio (OR) of the highest quintile (Q5) of blood cadmium, urine cadmium, and urine cadmium adjusted with creatinine and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was 1.80 (1.02-3.20), 1.77 (0.94-3.31) and 1.94 (1.11-3.37) respectively. In the restricted cubic spline regression model, non-linear association of blood cadmium, urine cadmium, and urine cadmium adjusted with creatinine with CKD were observed after adjusting for related confounding factors (P<0.001, 0.018, 0.031 respectively). The risk of CKD increased with the increment of cadmium exposure without risk threshold, and the exposure response curve was steeper at low cadmium exposure. Conclusions: Among Chinese adults aged 18 and older, cadmium exposure is positively associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease.
目的： 分析我国成年人镉内暴露水平与慢性肾脏病的关联关系。 方法： 纳入来自2017—2018年国家人体生物监测项目的9 821名18~79岁成年人为研究对象。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定人体血、尿镉暴露水平，使用尿肌酐校正尿镉水平；采用2009年慢性肾脏病流行病学合作研究公式（CKD-EPI）估算的肾小球滤过率定义慢性肾脏病。统计学分析考虑研究设计过程中的复杂抽样进行加权，采用多因素logistic回归模型分析血镉、尿镉、肌酐校正的尿镉暴露水平与慢性肾脏病的关系，采用限制性立方样本函数（RCS）拟合分析血镉、尿镉、肌酐校正的尿镉与慢性肾脏病的暴露-反应关系曲线。 结果： 研究对象加权后的年龄为44.75岁，男性占61.1%；慢性肾脏病患病率为12.7%，血镉、尿镉、肌酐调整的尿镉分别为0.96（0.03） μg/L、0.61（0.03） μg/L、0.58（0.03） μg/g。在校正混杂因素后，加权后的logistic回归显示，与最低五分位数（Q1）相比，血镉、尿镉、肌酐调整的尿镉Q5的OR值（95%CI）分别为1.80 （1.02~3.20）、1.77（0.94~3.31）和1.94（1.11~3.37）。在限制性立方样条回归模型中，调整了相关混杂因素后血镉、尿镉和肌酐校正的尿镉水平和慢性肾脏病均呈非线性关联（均P<0.05）。随着暴露水平的增加，慢性肾脏病的患病风险上升，暴露-反应曲线在低浓度时更为陡峭，并不存在风险阈值。 结论： 在我国成年人中镉暴露与慢性肾脏病患病风险呈正向关联。.